Effects of High-Biotin Sample Interference on Antibody Concentrations in Sandwich Immunoassays.

The use of antimicrobial growth promoters (AGPs) is banned because of problems associated with drug residues in animal products and increased bacterial resistance. The immunization of chickens with specific antigens is a promising strategy for generating specific antibodies that can target a wide range of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and can be used as an alternative to antibiotics. Immunoglobulin Y (IgY) antibodies in a polyclonal antibody (pAb) format, when administered orally, modulate the ruminal microbiome and maintain animal health and performance; however, there are concerns pertaining to protein impurities and biotin concentrations in the samples. Signal amplification strategies involving the noncovalent interaction of biotin with streptavidin is extensively used in diagnosis and scientific research, particularly in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). However, the high concentrations of biotin in samples, especially in those derived from rich sources such as egg yolk, can pose challenges and potentially harm the accuracy of diagnostic tests and protein concentration measurements. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of biotin on the measurement of IgY in freeze-dried egg yolk samples obtained from immunized laying hens using immunoassays with biotin-avidin/streptavidin. The detection of IgY in yolk samples using ELISA with streptavidin-biotin binding could lead to misdiagnosis due to biotin interference; the level of interference varies with the specific assay conditions and the concentration of biotin in the yolk samples. An ELISA without streptavidin-biotin binding is advisable to avoid interactions between biotin and target proteins, prevent biotin interference with the results, and achieve more reliable and accurate results.

The Performance and Metabolism of Dairy Cows Receiving an Ultra-Diluted Complex in the Diet during the Transition Period and Early Lactation.

This study evaluated the effects of feeding an ultra-diluted complex to dairy cows during the transition period and early lactation. Thirty multiparous pregnant dairy cows were blocked and randomly assigned to either a placebo control (CON) group or ultra-diluted complex (UD) group. The CON group received a placebo (basal diet + 40 g/cow/day of expanded silicate), while the UD group received the ultra-diluted complex (basal diet + 40 g/cow/day of PeriParto Transição-RealH, composed of ultra-diluted substances + vehicle: expanded silicate). Cows were evaluated from 30 days before the expected calving date until 60 days in milk (DIM) for sample and data collection. Post-partum dry matter intake (DMI) was not affected by the treatment. Cows fed UD had higher DMI relative to BW. Feeding UD increased milk lactose content and decreased milk protein content. Cows fed UD had lower somatic cell counts in the third and fourth week of lactation. Cows fed UD showed a tendency for higher liver health index. Using UD during the transition period and early lactation may benefit liver and udder health of dairy cows with no detrimental effect on milk performance.

Welfare indicators for laying Japanese quails caged at different densities.

In the way to reduce costs in the poultry production, high densities of birds are adopted in the production systems. Such high densities can lead to an inappropriate environment, compromising the welfare and decreasing the animal performance. In this work we aimed to evaluate the effects of different densities on the productive yield, egg quality and immunological aspects of Japanese quails. It was used 816 Japanese quails, during egg production phase, in a random design, with four treatments (121.43 cm2/bird; 106.25 cm2/bird; 94.44 cm2/bird and 85.00 cm2/bird) with six repetitions each. Results indicate density did not interfere on egg quality and all treatments can be considered excellent, once the Haugh Unit was 88.03. Therefore, higher densities decline the yield, decreasing the eggs weight (10.35 g), the laying percentage (88%), egg mass (9.16 g) and the week average feed consumption (157.35 g). IgY values were higher at smaller cage density, suggesting birds in this condition presented better immunological condition, related to welfare and stress factors, all linked to immunoglobulins IgY.

Mobilidade espacial dos imigrantes estrangeiros no Brasil - 1991/2010 / Spatial mobility of foreign immigrants in Brazil - 1991/2010

Na formação do território brasileiro, os fluxos migratórios internacionais e internos desempenharam papel central. Se as correntes de imigrantes oriundas da África e da Europa fomentaram as atividades econômicas do passado, as novas ondas migratórias, a contar de meados do século XX, conformaram a dinâmica socioespacial brasileira mais recente. Ao lado de tradicionais destinos como o Japão e Estados Unidos, novos movimentos populacionais internos à América do Sul ganharam importância, incluindo os fluxos de entrada no território brasileiro. Em face dessa dinâmica migratória, constitui objetivo principal deste trabalho o levantamento das diferentes nacionalidades dos imigrantes estrangeiros residentes no Brasil e a análise das diferenças na mobilidade espacial interna desses mesmos estrangeiros. De acordo com dados extraídos dos censos demográficos de 1991, 2000 e 2010, nota-se uma expressiva expansão do número de estrangeiros naturais dos países latino-americanos em terras brasileiras, em especial dos vizinhos do cone sul, e um significativo nível de mobilidade espacial interna dos paraguaios e dos bolivianos.(AU)

International and internal migration plays an important role in the formation of Brazilian territory. In the middle of the twentieth century, new waves of migration caused the most recent changes in the social and spatial dynamics of Brazil. Alongside traditional destinations' such as Japan and the United States, new internal population movements within South America have gained importance, including flows from the Brazilian territory. In light of such migratory dynamics, the main purpose of this paper is the lifting of different nationalities of international immigrants resident in Brazil and the analysis of differences in internal spatial mobility of those immigrants.(AU).

Do método para estimar o tamanho médio das redes pessoais e o tamanho de populações difíceis de contar / Of a method for estimating the average population size of personal networks and the size of hard-to-count populations / /Sobre el método para estimar el tamaño medio de las redes personales y el tamaño de poblaciones difíciles de calcular

O método conhecido como Network Scale-Up (NSU) - método de ampliação das redes sociais -, utilizado para estimar "populações difíceis de contar" (hard-to-count populations), baseia-se na ideia de que as populações humanas se organizam numa rede complexa de interações sociais, na qual todos os indivíduos, independentemente de atributos pessoais distintos, estão conectados. Conhecendo-se, então, o padrão das redes pessoais associado a determinados atributos individuais, é possível estimar "parcelas" da população que possuem esses mesmos atributos. Os emigrantes internacionais, em especial os que se encontram em situação irregular, enquadram-se nesse tipo de subpopulação, cujo tamanho é desconhecido dada a dificuldade ou até mesmo a impossibilidade de mensurá-la diretamente. A descrição do método da ampliação das redes sociais e dos procedimentos metodológicos para obtenção dos dados necessários à aplicação desse método para estimar o número de emigrantes e de retornados internacionais de uma cidade brasileira de porte médio hipotética constitui o objetivo deste texto.

The method known as Network Scale-Up (NSU) - used for expanding social networks - is used to estimate hard-to-count populations, based on the idea that human populations are organized in a complex web of social interactions, to which all individuals, regardless of specific personal attributes, are connected. If we know the pattern of personal networks associated with certain individual attributes, we can estimate "parcels" of the population that have these same attributes. International migrants, especially those who are undocumented, fit into this type of subpopulation whose size is unknown because of the difficulty or even impossibility of measuring it directly. This article aims at describing the Network Scale-Up method and the methodological procedures necessary to estimate the number of international and returned migrants in a hypothetical, medium-sized, Brazilian city.

El método conocido como Network Scale-Up (NSU) -método de ampliación de las redes sociales-, utilizado para estimar "poblaciones difíciles de calcular" (hard-to-count populations), se basa en la idea de que las poblaciones humanas se organizan en una red compleja de interacciones sociales, en la que todos los individuos, independientemente de sus atributos personales diferenciados, están conectados. Conociéndose entonces el patrón de las redes personales, asociado a determinados atributos individuales, es posible estimar "porciones" de la población que posean estos mismos atributos. Los emigrantes internacionales, en especial los que se encuentran en situación irregular, se encuadran en este tipo de subpoblación, cuyo tamaño es desconocido, dada la dificultad o hasta incluso la imposibilidad de calcularlo directamente. La descripción del método de la ampliación de las redes sociales, y de los procedimientos metodológicos con el objeto de obtener los datos necesarios para la aplicación de este método en la estimación del número de emigrantes y de retornados internacionales de una hipotética ciudad brasileña de porte medio, constituye el objetivo de este trabajo.

Da associação entre os retornados internacionais e os intermediários da rede migratória valadarense / From the association between the international returned migrants and the mediators of the migratory network in Valadares

À luz dos fundamentos teóricos e metodológicos da análise de redes sociais, da perspectiva relacional sobre o capital social e de dados relacionais sobre as pessoas de cinquenta retornados internacionais de Valadares, este estudo encerra o propósito basilar de sondar a natureza da associação entre esses retornados, cujas redes pessoais são regidas pelo 'princípio' compartilhado do deslocamento (cooperação), e os agentes de intermediários da migração internacional, em especial os que pertencem às agências de turismo, elementos de natureza institucional, empresarial pautadas pela consecução do lucro (competição).

This study contains a basic intention of analyzing the connections among the Brazilian returned migrants from US based on the Valadares area, whose personal networks are governed by the shared principle of the displacement (cooperation), and brokers of the international migration, especially the ones that belong to the travel agencies, firms guided by the profit principle (competition). To reach that goal, the study to resort to the theoretical and methodological foundations of the social network analysis, the relational perspective about social capital, and the personal networks of fifty Valadares' Brazilian returned migrants.

Redes socias e conexões prováveis entre migrações internas e emigração internacional de brasileiros / Potential and probabilities of social networks interactions in the context of Brazilian internal and international migration

O artigo apresenta evidências das conexões prováveis da migração interna e a emigração internacional entre Governado Valadares e Ipatinga e as demais microrregiões brasileiras, com base na aplicação dos princípios teóricos e metodológicos da análise de redes sociais.

Redes socias e conexões prováveis entre migrações internas e emigração internacional de brasileiros / Potential and probabilities of social networks interactions in the context of Brazilian internal and international migration

O artigo apresenta evidências das conexões prováveis da migração interna e a emigração internacional entre Governado Valadares e Ipatinga e as demais microrregiões brasileiras, com base na aplicação dos princípios teóricos e metodológicos da análise de redes sociais. (AU)